Qund
Qund was a civilisation originating in modern-day Qammam that expanded into a closely-interconnected network of subsidiary kingdoms and at one point climaxed with a unified empire covering most of today's Petty-Lestria. Initially a group of states in Qammam and trading cities in Gaugura under with great affinities for Dabaia to the east, Qundi culture was first spread by the conquests of the Qundi generals in the first half of the 1st millennium, which brought Siriash and the Qundic languages across Petty-Lestria as the generals established semi-theocratic kingdoms across the subcontinent. The generals had also taken over the Dabaian city-states, laying claim to Dabaian culture and legacy; although Qund's language and religion gradually displaced those of the Dabaians, and Qammami ideas were spread across the region, in many ways the Qundi rulers represented a continuation of Dabaian elite culture, adopting many of their predecessors' practices as part of their own sophistication, and in the case of the eastern conquests, integration into local society. In the 7th century Qundi rulers were expelled from Dabaia or assimilated by the rise of the Kingdom of Inabo, but the rest of Qund continued Dabaian practices; in the meantime Qundi influence had reached as south as modern central Cazacasia.
The Qundic states were unified under the Empire of Qund by 697, whose conquests over the late 7th and early 8th century extended Qundi cultural and economic hegemony into coastal Lestria itself. The unification of Qund and many of the developments in Qundi culture over the same period were driven by the extensive reorganisation of the Fifth Chotarian Empire in the east and the collapse of the Neokos Empire to the west, and Qund became one of a number of states to model itself on Chotarian practices, while also laying an increasing claim to Neokoi legacies and interest in their preservation. The collapse of the empire in the 10th and 11th centuries saw Petty-Lestria divided between umara warlords and a political situation initially very much like that of the era of the Generals, but which soon saw increasing power in the hands of the elite Sirian clergy as lamnearies established themselves as authorities able to override and command the military rulers in a complex system of allegiances, while also asserting their own sovereignty. Qundi adventurers also invaded Lestria and founded the Holy Empire in the 14th century, which then turned back northwards to extend intermittently a new unified authority over southern Petty-Lestria for the next few centuries.